The Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is making waves across the globe, and India is no exception. While the virus has primarily been spreading in colder regions, recent reports have confirmed over 15 cases in India as of January 15, 2025. This has prompted leading health organizations like the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to weigh in, affirming that HMPV is indeed in circulation worldwide, including here in India.
The good news? Experts assure us that India is well-equipped to handle any potential rise in respiratory illnesses caused by HMPV. But here’s the bigger question: are you ready? Do you have the right information to protect yourself and your loved ones from this virus?
In this blog, we break down everything you need to know about HMPV: what it is, how it spreads, the symptoms to watch for, and how to prevent and treat it effectively. Let’s dive in and arm ourselves with knowledge to stay safe and healthy!
What is HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus)?
Human Metapneumovirus, or HMPV, might not carry the same recognition as viruses like COVID-19 or the flu, but it’s been quietly circulating for decades, affecting respiratory health worldwide. This virus, which belongs to the same family as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), primarily targets the respiratory system, leading to symptoms such as fever, coughing, nasal congestion, and shortness of breath.
While HMPV has recently come into the limelight, primarily due to the outbreak in China when when hospitals in major cities, including Beijing and Shanghai, reported an unexpected spike in respiratory illnesses, it is interesting to note that this virus was first identified in 2001 by Dutch virologists investigating unexplained respiratory infections, HMPV was found to be a previously unrecognized pathogen responsible for many cases of respiratory illness.
A Virus with Deep Historical Roots
What makes HMPV particularly fascinating is its history. As per a study published in the National Library of Medicine, serological studies on preserved blood samples dating back to 1958 revealed that the virus had been circulating undetected for over 50 years. These also showed that by the age of five, nearly all children had been exposed to HMPV.
How does HMPV spread?
Much like RSV and the flu, HMPV is a seasonal virus, with cases typically spiking during the winter and early spring months. Like regular flu, HMPV is most likely spread from an infected person to others through
- Respiratory droplets generated while coughing and sneezing
- Close personal contact
- Touching your mouth, nose or eyes after touching objects or surfaces that have viruses on them
Who Is Most Susceptible to HMPV?
While HMPV can infect individuals across all age groups, certain populations are at a higher risk of experiencing severe symptoms or complications:
- Infants and Toddlers: Young children are particularly vulnerable as their immune systems are still in the early stages of development, making it harder for their bodies to fight off infections effectively.
- Older Adults: The natural weakening of the immune system with age makes seniors more susceptible to severe respiratory illnesses, including HMPV.
- Individuals with Weakened Immune Systems: This group includes people undergoing treatments like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy for conditions such as cancer or autoimmune diseases. It also encompasses those living with chronic illnesses like diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or chronic lung conditions such as COPD or asthma.
Symptoms of HMPV
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), HMPV infections often mimic those caused by other respiratory viruses, such as the common cold, influenza, or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The symptoms typically include:
- Runny Nose: A common early sign of respiratory infections.
- Cough: Persistent coughing, which may worsen over time.
- Fever: Elevated body temperature, often accompanied by chills.
- Sore Throat: Discomfort or pain in the throat, especially when swallowing.
- Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling sound while breathing, particularly noticeable during exhalation.
- Shortness of Breath: Difficulty in breathing or feeling out of breath.
In more severe cases, HMPV can lead to serious complications such as:
- Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) in the lungs, which can make breathing difficult.
- Pneumonia: An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, potentially leading to chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
If you have any of these symptoms or suspect that your illness could be HMPV, consider consulting a Pulmonologist or Specialists trained in identifying HMPV and other respiratory illnesses on Medicas.
How HMPV Differs from Other Respiratory Viruses?
While Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) shares several similarities with viruses like the flu, COVID-19, and RSV, there are notable distinctions in how it presents and affects individuals:
HMPV vs. Influenza (Flu)
- Both HMPV and the flu cause fever, fatigue, and respiratory symptoms like cough and congestion.
- Key Difference: Flu symptoms often appear suddenly and can be intense, while HMPV symptoms typically develop more gradually over time.
HMPV vs. COVID-19
- COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is known for a broader range of symptoms, including the loss of taste or smell and gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea, which are uncommon in HMPV cases.
- Key Difference: HMPV primarily focuses on respiratory symptoms, while COVID-19 symptoms can extend to other systems of the body.
HMPV vs. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- RSV is most commonly associated with severe infections in younger children, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
- Key Difference: HMPV affects a wider range of age groups, including older adults and those with weakened immune systems, though it can cause similar complications like bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
HMPV Virus Spread in China & India
While the ongoing HMPV outbreak in China was what brought HMPV into the news again, as of January 202, researchers from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, shared encouraging news. According to reports from the Hindustan Times, the rate of positive HMPV cases is fluctuating, with a decline in northern provinces and a noticeable decrease in positive cases among patients aged 14 and below. This trend offers some hope in managing the outbreak effectively, not just in China but across the world.
Preventing the Spread of HMPV in India
Given the high transmissibility of HMPV, it’s crucial to follow preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection. According to CDC, here’s what you can do to prevent the spread and avoid catching it:
- Wash Hands Frequently: Regular handwashing with soap for at least 20 seconds can significantly reduce the spread of the virus.
- Wear Masks: In crowded or high-risk areas, wearing a mask can help prevent airborne transmission.
- Practice Social Distancing: Maintain a safe distance from people who are coughing or sneezing.
- Disinfect Surfaces: Clean commonly touched surfaces regularly, especially in public spaces.
HMPV Virus Treatment Options in India
Currently, there are no specific antiviral treatments for HMPV, but the virus is typically managed through supportive care:
- Symptomatic Treatment: Includes medications to reduce fever and manage cough and congestion.
- Severe Cases: Hospitalization may be required for severe cases, particularly those with pneumonia or difficulty breathing. Oxygen therapy or ventilators might be needed.
- Medications: In some cases, antiviral drugs used for other respiratory viruses may be prescribed off-label, but their effectiveness specifically for HMPV is still under investigation.
If you are experiencing symptoms, especially if you belong to a high-risk group, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider immediately. Medicas has a range of specialists right from pulmonologists to general physicians who can help you identify if your presenting symptoms match HMPV and provide treatment and diagnostic recommendations accordingly.
As we navigate the global health landscape, it’s clear that staying informed is our best defense. While the Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) may not be the first virus that comes to mind when we think of respiratory illnesses, it’s important to recognize its potential impact, especially on vulnerable groups.
Armed with the right knowledge about its symptoms, transmission, and preventive measures, we can better protect ourselves and those around us. With continued vigilance and cooperation from healthcare experts and communities, we can manage and minimize the spread of HMPV effectively. So, let’s stay proactive, stay connected with healthcare resources, and remember – the more we know, the better we can safeguard our health and well-being.
